Description of the environmental problem of air pollution. Atmospheric air and problems associated with its pollution

25.10.2023 -

Exercise 92. Distribute the phrases and sentences below into groups depending on what style they belong to.

Social processes, submit an explanatory note, the substance spontaneously becomes contaminated, mathematical data processing, impressive forum, put pressure on the nerves, I hereby confirm, characteristics are attached, majestic structure, struggle for equality, statistical data, Pension Fund of Russia, buy stew, scream without stopping, miner capital of the region, early diagnosis of cancer, human genome, find a response in the souls of people.

Exercise 93. Prove that these phrases contain pleonasms. Check the meaning of words in explanatory dictionaries.

Autobiography of life, great contrast, introduce a new concept, bring into action, leading leader, interior interior, go back, time pressure, main point, loud sobs, loudly exclaim, driving leitmotif, demobilization from the army, gesticulate with hands, blue color, professional colleague, landscape of the area, memorial of memory, local aborigines, tiny little things, folklore, unusual phenomenon, huge colossus, retaliatory counterattack, patriot of his homeland, first baptism of fire, advanced vanguard, time period, constant weekly reviews, progress forward, free vacancy, strange paradox, timing of time, everyday routine, useless to disappear, stand idle, have a presentiment in advance, valuable treasures, dark darkness, go back.

Exercise 94. Explain why the highlighted words are redundant in the following contexts.

1. The famous director shared his plans with the audience for the future. 2. Crowd of people broke into the territory of the enterprise. 3. Price stay in this hospital is not funded by the state. 4. Last fall last year an unknown swimmer from Holland won the championship, defeating the strongest water track aces. 5. There is only an hour left before the train leaves time. 6. Young athletes looked real graceful grace and, of course, worried and were worried, after all, within a day - their first baptism of fire. 7. If urgent measures are not taken, then all the efforts of grain growers will be lost in vain and the entire harvest will be wasted in vain. 8. Demobilized from the army, Sergey Lunev decided to return to the plant. 9. Relying on a Russian chance, the plasterer did not secure the cradle properly and fell down from above third floor. 10. About new routes movement buses and future Our guest today, the director of SPATP-4, will talk about the prospects for the city’s vehicle fleet as a whole. 11. More than 50% of combines are idle without causes due to lack of money for gasoline. At the state farm cash desk - no more than a thousand rubles money. 12. I still haven’t decided how to connect between themselves love of music and passion for computers. 13. The brilliant actor did not love catchy effects neither on stage nor in life. 14. There is still no single price list prices for energy resources. 15. Defects cause enormous damage to the plant. products And unproductive expenses. 16. The industrial industry began to develop in the region already in the 18th century. 17. Process duration swimming lasts more than three hours time. 18. The city center will remain existing pine grove. 19. The abandoned park gradually turned into a pasture for livestock. 20. Since the executive editor of the collection has died, it is necessary to introduce a new editor to the editorial board of the living. 21. The government is in difficult times and not easy time should be a single monolith. 22. Crowd fast rushed at Shabashkin. 23. More young As a teenager, he did a brave thing. 24. He had a whole library in Mikhailovsky books. 25. The autumn park seems sad and sad.

Exercise 95. Indicate different types of speech redundancy (repetition of words, tautology, pleonasms, universal words, splitting of the predicate, etc... Edit the sentences.

1. Today we have a guest from sunny Georgia. 2. I would like to touch on one more point regarding voter trust: the measures we take should in no way undermine trust in government institutions. 3. Issues and problems related to the beginning of the heating season were discussed at the meeting. To turn on the heating, numerous defects and shortcomings must be eliminated. No one knows when the renovation will be completed. 4. The team has reserves and capabilities. You just need to organize the work correctly and take the right measures to improve the use of the vehicle fleet. It is necessary to monitor and check how the allocated funds are spent. 5. We do not organize some kind of nationwide competition for the best driver ace. 6. There is a need to take action to disseminate tested and approved best practices. 7. The opening of the vernissage is scheduled for the end of September. 8. Spontaneous strikes, which literally shook up the Primorsky Territory, could result in serious losses for the economy of the region. 9. There is a difficult situation in the region with water supply to the population of the region. 10. The presence of inexhaustible reserves of natural resources in the region discourages many regional officials. 11. The organizers gave souvenirs to all participants of the seminar. 12. This year, flowering will occur on these flower shoots. 13. When people cooperate and work together, they must mutually respect each other, be mutually attentive, helpful, and sensitive. 14. Passengers traveling with travel tickets pay the cost of transportation of each piece of baggage on a general basis. 15. An unextinguished cigarette caused a flame to ignite waste paper, which became the source of the fire. 16. Under the previous director, the plant stood idle, workers were constantly fired, but now production is growing, and vacancies have already appeared. 17. All teams work efficiently and in an organized manner, completing all repair work on video equipment on time. 18. Air pollution is a burning and pressing problem of our modern century. 19. In words, everyone supports old veterans, but in reality, they want to deprive them of their last benefits. 20. He could not stay away from family conflicts, as the husband of a woman and the father of children. 21. Citizens are pedestrians! Cross the street only at pedestrian crossings! 22. The machine park was updated with new machines. 23. The dead corpse lay motionless and showed no signs of life. 24. The plaintiff proves his case with unsubstantiated evidence. 25. Let me ask a question to my respected opponent: “Then why has the crime rate increased in the area? Maybe we should multiply our efforts many times over? 26. The commander leaned his elbow on the table.

Exercise 96. Find examples of unjustified use of cliches and expressive means, unmotivated use of non-literary vocabulary, mixing of different styles of vocabulary, etc. Where are these shortcomings used as a stylistic device? Does this approach always seem justified to you?

1. There are also students in our group who can easily skip not only lectures, but also practical classes, citing their overload. Of course, now everyone has to work and earn extra money. But this does not free us from the need to take tests on time and get satisfactory and good grades in exams. In light of the above, look within yourself and you will understand that I have touched upon our pressing problem. 2. I really love watching how my kitten sleeps serenely under the rays of the warm sun, curled up in a tiny ball on the windowsill. And I decided to name him Sunshine. 3. As a very young man, I was shocked when I read Tvardovsky’s poem “I was killed near Rzhev...”. This was in 1946. Behind us is war, fire and ashes, the death of friends and comrades. And these living lines still resonate to this day, resound in my memory, like the will of an unknown soldier, to whose grave at the Kremlin wall we carry flowers, and where young couples go on their wedding day to honor the memory of their fathers and grandfathers, who laid down their lives for the Fatherland. 4. Pavel decided to find those who, during the fiery years of the war, together with the occupiers, did their dirty deeds on the territory of Ukraine. 5. It’s as if the young poets had conspired to kneel before the springs and rivers of their childhood, in other words, to fall to the sources. So you see healthy young people who suddenly flop to the ground and begin vying with each other to boast of their relieved love for their native fonts, springs, planters, barrels, and oxbow lakes. 6. I am outraged by the widespread rudeness of our passengers. Many people can easily push a gray-haired pensioner. Or you can politely ask: “Are you getting off at the next stop?” 7. On one of the Canary Islands I hoped to see the aborigines, from whom came the great variety of canaries that exist today. 8. Seryozhka imagines himself to be the smartest and is now friends only with all sorts of punks. 9. It’s high time to organize the accounting of funds in housing cooperatives according to science, and not as God dictates. 10. This is not the first time for our team to make up for lost time. Although with a game like this you can hardly hope for it. Again, our defense is lame. It's time to take the physical preparation of each team member seriously.

Exercise 97. Read excerpts from school essays. Highlight stylistic errors. Give a reasonable description of these errors.

1. Nature received the news with delight that Prince Igor had escaped from captivity. 2. If you dive into the text, you immediately become imbued with the same feelings as the poet. 3. Bolkonsky fought bravely in the war, according to his father’s wishes. 4. We are happy that we can freely sing, have fun, write, count. 5. V. Mayakovsky in his works talks about workers who transform the planet with their labor. 6. Every person wants to be a fearless citizen of his Fatherland. 7. Let the fields and forests always be green and the uniforms of the fascist invaders never turn green. 8. The people, the movement of the masses - this is the locomotive of history, and it is better to stand on the bandwagon of this locomotive than to interfere under the wheels. 9. Sophia completely devastated her country with her devastating wars. 10. Thousands of Komsomol members, working in distant Siberia on the construction of the Baikal-Amur Mainline, will successfully complete the construction of the narrow-gauge railway begun by Pavel. 11. Greed and hoarding have corrupted Plyushkin so much that you want to wash your hands after reading about him. 12. A.M. Gorky wrote his novel Gorky "Mother". 13. The hero of the novel knew that at the cost of his life he was saving the lives of his colleagues. 14. Father tried to get out of poverty, even got a kiosk, but soon sold it. 15. Not only in those years, but also now, “How the Steel Was Tempered” by N. Ostrovsky is in great demand among the population. 16. In 1812, Denisov, Dolokhov and other comrades led the partisans. 17. We will have new roads, and a new club, and large, clean houses, and hot water, and other amenities. 18. A.P. Chekhov in the play “The Cherry Orchard” showed not only people of two different classes, but also new ones, through which the writer denounced the existing system. 19. The novel reveals with great revealing force the corrupting influence of serfdom on a person. 20. The mother decided to present her father’s old jacket to her son. 21. Pechorin, rushing to catch up with Vera, drives the horse. 22. Pavel unites his friends even more. 23. Shabashkin was not tormented by his own conscience. 24. All landowners are “dead souls”, so inanimate objects begin to speak for them - a face, an interior, an estate. 25. The hero purposefully strives towards his intended goal. 26. In the icy cold and cold, Pavel works at this narrow-gauge railway construction site. 27. Residents of the city of Kalinova live a monotonous, joyless life... Katerina foresees her death in advance. She cannot return back to the Kabanovs’ house and would rather prefer death to the everyday routine of a joyless and dreary life, in which all the noble impulses of her sublime soul are uselessly lost. 28. The heroine’s external appearance is quite attractive. 29. Mom asked me to buy a loaf of bread and milk, and I spent all the money on cakes.

Exercise 98. Read excerpts from newspapers, public speaking, and other genres of journalistic style. Highlight stylistic errors. Give a reasonable description of these errors.

1. This year the theater intends to show three new premieres. 2. Nature lovers have always been fascinated by the sounds of birds in our forests. But do we care enough about our feathered friends? In game breeding activities, work to protect birds during their breeding season is important. Therefore, the hunting society is working to exterminate birds of prey and animals. 3. Finally, the long-awaited spring has arrived, the streams are ringing, spring work is being carried out on the streets, and greenery has been pruned everywhere. 4. The division had long heard about new sniper rifles, but was never able to get them. 5. From August to September, our management laid fifty kilometers of gas pipeline. 6. We propose to make some adjustments and amendments to the project. 7. I directly spoke about all my repressed relatives in my autobiography. 8. This is the first debut of the young actress on the stage of the famous theater. 9. A worker operating a machine, a builder operating a crane, a tractor driver lifting fat layers of earth are handsome. 10. Enlarged teams worked at the site. Thus, new experience in the work of large teams was gained. 11. And now, on frosty, icy days, farmers are doing their noble work. 12. This is a fairly reliable springboard for moving towards the deep reserves of the Russian economy. 13. Fencing of plantings is carried out until the tops of the trees go beyond the reach of the animal’s muzzle. 14. At almost every stop, the driver warns: “To avoid falling during sudden braking, please hold on to the handrails.” 15. Trees, bushes, flower beds and lawns not only decorate our lives, but also do a huge amount of useful work: they filter the air, collecting dust on the leaves, release phytoncides that kill harmful microbes, and soften the temperature. 16. The new university building is painted yellow. 17. We were escorted to school by the ubiquitous local aborigines - rural boys. 18. From kindergartens located on Raunas Street in houses No. 35 and 37, signals began to be received that these centers of education for the younger generation were being raided by alcohol lovers. 19. Munich doesn’t go to tennis, but loves football. 20. The sword of Damocles of intimidation constantly hangs over the residents of Kamchatka in anticipation of an earthquake. 21. The proposed logging area was replete with swamps and countless mosquitoes. 22. The young correspondent managed to dig up some dirt on the top of the ministry. Colleagues believe that he paid precisely for this. 23. There have been snowfalls in the past few days, and weather conditions during the current race have created additional difficulties during the current race. 24. It is not yet clear which of the rivals will become our main competitor.

Continuous technological progress, the continuing enslavement of nature by man, industrialization, which has changed the surface of the Earth beyond recognition, have become the causes of a global environmental crisis. Currently, the world's population faces particularly acute environmental problems such as air pollution, ozone layer depletion, acid rain, the greenhouse effect, soil pollution, ocean pollution and overpopulation.

Global environmental problem No. 1: Air pollution

Every day, the average person inhales about 20,000 liters of air, which contains, in addition to vital oxygen, a whole list of harmful suspended particles and gases. Atmospheric pollutants are conventionally divided into 2 types: natural and anthropogenic. The latter prevail.

Things are not going well for the chemical industry. Factories emit harmful substances such as dust, fuel oil ash, various chemical compounds, nitrogen oxides and much more. Air measurements have shown the catastrophic situation of the atmospheric layer; polluted air becomes the cause of many chronic diseases.

Atmospheric pollution is an environmental problem that is familiar firsthand to residents of absolutely all corners of the earth. It is felt especially acutely by representatives of cities where enterprises of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, energy, chemical, petrochemical, construction and pulp and paper industries operate. In some cities, the atmosphere is also heavily poisoned by vehicles and boiler houses. These are all examples of anthropogenic air pollution.

As for the natural sources of chemical elements that pollute the atmosphere, these include forest fires, volcanic eruptions, wind erosion (scattering of soil and rock particles), the spread of pollen, evaporation of organic compounds and natural radiation.

Consequences of air pollution

Atmospheric air pollution negatively affects human health, contributing to the development of heart and lung diseases (in particular, bronchitis). In addition, air pollutants such as ozone, nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide destroy natural ecosystems, destroying plants and causing the death of living creatures (particularly river fish).

The global environmental problem of air pollution, according to scientists and government officials, can be solved in the following ways:

limiting population growth;
reducing energy use;
increasing energy efficiency;
waste reduction;
transition to environmentally friendly renewable energy sources;
air purification in particularly polluted areas.

Global Environmental Problem #2: Ozone Depletion

The ozone layer is a thin strip of the stratosphere that protects all life on Earth from the harmful ultraviolet rays of the Sun.

Causes of environmental problem

Back in the 1970s. Environmentalists have discovered that the ozone layer is being destroyed by chlorofluorocarbons. These chemicals are found in refrigerator and air conditioner coolants, as well as solvents, aerosols/sprays, and fire extinguishers. To a lesser extent, other anthropogenic impacts also contribute to the thinning of the ozone layer: the launch of space rockets, the flights of jet aircraft in high layers of the atmosphere, nuclear weapons testing, and the reduction of forest lands on the planet. There is also a theory that global warming is contributing to the thinning of the ozone layer.

Consequences of ozone layer depletion

As a result of the destruction of the ozone layer, ultraviolet radiation passes unhindered through the atmosphere and reaches the earth's surface. Exposure to direct UV rays has detrimental effects on people's health, weakening the immune system and causing diseases such as skin cancer and cataracts.

World environmental problem No. 3: Global warming

Like the glass walls of a greenhouse, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and water vapor allow the sun to heat our planet while preventing infrared radiation reflected from the earth's surface from escaping into space. All these gases are responsible for maintaining temperatures acceptable for life on earth. However, the increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxide and water vapor in the atmosphere is another global environmental problem called global warming (or the greenhouse effect).

Causes of global warming

During the 20th century, the average temperature on earth increased by 0.5 - 1? C. The main cause of global warming is considered to be an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere due to an increase in the volume of fossil fuels burned by people (coal, oil and their derivatives). However, according to the statement Alexey Kokorin, head of climate programs World Wildlife Fund(WWF) Russia, “the largest amount of greenhouse gases is generated as a result of the operation of power plants and methane emissions during the extraction and delivery of energy resources, while road transport or flaring of associated petroleum gas causes relatively little harm to the environment”.

Other causes of global warming include overpopulation, deforestation, ozone depletion and littering. However, not all ecologists blame the rise in average annual temperatures entirely on anthropogenic activities. Some believe that global warming is also facilitated by a natural increase in the abundance of oceanic plankton, leading to an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Consequences of the greenhouse effect

If the temperature during the 21st century increases by another 1? C - 3.5? C, as scientists predict, the consequences will be very sad:

the level of the world's oceans will rise (due to the melting of polar ice), the number of droughts will increase and the process of desertification will intensify,
many species of plants and animals adapted to exist in a narrow range of temperatures and humidity will disappear,
Hurricanes will become more frequent.

Solving an environmental problem

According to environmentalists, the following measures will help slow down the process of global warming:

rising prices for fossil fuels,
replacing fossil fuels with environmentally friendly ones (solar energy, wind energy and sea currents),
development of energy-saving and waste-free technologies,
taxation of environmental emissions,
minimizing methane losses during its production, transportation through pipelines, distribution in cities and villages and use at heat supply stations and power plants,
implementation of carbon dioxide absorption and sequestration technologies,
tree planting,
reduction in family size,
environmental education,
application of phytomelioration in agriculture.

Global environmental problem No. 4: Acid rain

Acid rain, containing products of fuel combustion, also poses a danger to the environment, human health and even to the integrity of architectural monuments.

Consequences of acid rain

Solutions of sulfuric and nitric acids, aluminum and cobalt compounds contained in polluted sediments and fog pollute the soil and water bodies, have a detrimental effect on vegetation, causing dry tops of deciduous trees and inhibiting conifers. Because of acid rain, agricultural yields fall, people drink water enriched with toxic metals (mercury, cadmium, lead), marble architectural monuments turn into plaster and are eroded.

Solving an environmental problem

In order to save nature and architecture from acid rain, it is necessary to minimize emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere.

Global Environmental Problem #5: Soil Pollution

Every year people pollute the environment with 85 billion tons of waste. Among them are solid and liquid waste from industrial enterprises and transport, agricultural waste (including pesticides), household waste and atmospheric fallout of harmful substances.

The main role in soil pollution is played by such components of technogenic waste as heavy metals (lead, mercury, cadmium, arsenic, thallium, bismuth, tin, vanadium, antimony), pesticides and petroleum products. From the soil they penetrate into plants and water, even spring water. Toxic metals enter the human body along a chain and are not always quickly and completely removed from it. Some of them tend to accumulate over many years, provoking the development of serious diseases.

Global Environmental Problem #6: Water Pollution

Pollution of the world's oceans, groundwater and surface waters is a global environmental problem, the responsibility for which lies entirely with humans.

Causes of environmental problem

The main pollutants of the hydrosphere today are oil and petroleum products. These substances penetrate into the waters of the world's oceans as a result of tanker wrecks and regular wastewater discharges from industrial enterprises.

In addition to anthropogenic petroleum products, industrial and domestic facilities pollute the hydrosphere with heavy metals and complex organic compounds. Agriculture and the food industry are recognized as the leaders in poisoning the waters of the world's oceans with minerals and nutrients.

The hydrosphere is not spared by such a global environmental problem as radioactive pollution. The prerequisite for its formation was the burial of radioactive waste in the waters of the world's oceans. Many powers with a developed nuclear industry and nuclear fleet deliberately stored harmful radioactive substances in the seas and oceans from the 49th to the 70th years of the 20th century. In places where radioactive containers are buried, cesium levels often go off scale even today. But “underwater test sites” are not the only radioactive source of hydrosphere pollution. The waters of the seas and oceans are enriched with radiation as a result of underwater and surface nuclear explosions.

Consequences of radioactive water contamination

Oil pollution of the hydrosphere leads to the destruction of the natural habitat of hundreds of representatives of oceanic flora and fauna, the death of plankton, seabirds and mammals. For human health, poisoning the waters of the world's oceans also poses a serious danger: fish and other seafood “contaminated” with radiation can easily end up on the table.

Asel 17.05.2019 12:14
http://www.kstu.kz/

Ian 31.05.2018 10:56
To avoid all this, it is necessary to solve all this not for the state budget, but for free!
And besides, you need to add environmental protection laws to your country’s constitution
namely, strict laws that should prevent at least 3% of environmental pollution
only your homeland but also all countries of the world!

24werwe 21.09.2017 14:50
The cause of air and soil pollution is crypto-Jews. On the streets every day there are degenerates with the characteristics of Jews. Greenpeace and environmentalists are vile crypto-Jewish TV. They study eternal criticism according to the Catechism of the Jew in the USSR (according to the Talmud). Dosed poisoning is promoted. They do not name the reason - the deliberate destruction of all living things by Jews hiding under the labels of “peoples”. There is only one way out: the destruction of the Jews and their agriculture and the cessation of production.

1. Personally, I think that those speakers who will
will speak and talk about business.
1. I believe that those who have not yet spoken will speak about the matter.
*
I personally have similar words in meaning, pleonasm.
Speakers and perform are the same root words, a tautology.
Verb repetition: will. You might think that at first they
will perform, and only then, when the performances are over
- they will talk about business, and only among themselves.
It should be noted that more correct speech has lost
emotional mood designed to inspire or
noticeable or quick reaction, and also “contains” an appeal
form a control of consonants among the public...they will say
finally about business, they will talk about business.

2. In his response, the speaker emphasized: “Personally
I am doubly pleased to receive awards when they are presented
with a wide audience of people."
The verb emphasized can be replaced. Specially emphasized.
It is necessary to highlight phrases for lexical
compatibility: your answer, wide audience
of people.
You can see the use of the adjective wide in
synonym dictionary:
1. spacious: free, about clothes - wide, not
restricting movement, too wide - baggy,
robe (colloquial)
2. sweeping: wide, about the step - sweeping.
Audience, public, spectators, listeners, audience,
visitors.
I think that the phrase without specification "broad"
audience" fits.
Personally, I am doubly pleased
get a good prize...good and unexpected,
doesn't look like a whim, cornice.
*In his response, the speaker emphasized that he was “doubly
It’s more pleasant to receive awards when they are presented to a wide audience
audience."

3. Andrey came back and, vigorously gesturing with his hands,
exclaimed loudly: “Which of your opponents will be your main
competitor?"
Andrey returned, (Andrey returned unexpectedly).
Gesturing energetically. You can only gesture
hands, for the face this is facial expressions, for the legs - poses: leg to leg, etc.
A competitor.
Andrey unexpectedly returned and excitedly, energetically
gesticulating, he asked loudly: “Which of the opponents is capable?”
...What could actually happen in such a short time?
Why are his hands shaking?

4. An unextinguished cigarette sparked a fire.
waste paper, which became the source of the fire.
An unextinguished cigarette caused a waste paper fire,
which caused the fire.

5. Air pollution is a pressing and
pressing problem of our modern age.
Air pollution is one of the pressing problems and
pressing problem of our century.

6. In Russian language lessons, students learn to find in general
in the text speech forms that the teacher teaches them to find.
students learn, cognates, tautology,
At the Russian language lesson
teacher, pedagogue, lecturer... teaches "to take into account"
speech forms and helps students find them in the text.
During Russian language lessons, the teacher teaches students
find speech forms in the text.

7. His poetry is based on living experiences
life-loving poet.
Repeating the letter "zh" - life is like (persistent, not
present, present as - basis) manifestation of love
to life: life, life, life!
Use of lexical means. Lover of life, optimist,
extrovert.
The alternative is a lover of life, a pessimist, an extrovert.

8. Placement of such patients in regular hospital stays
Departments for non-communicable diseases are strictly prohibited.
Placement of such patients
to hospital departments, hospitals
in hospital wards for, for - prohibited,
forbidden.
Accommodation of patients with contagious diseases
Placement in a regular hospital of patients with infectious diseases
diseases are prohibited.
Accommodation of patients with contagious diseases in normal
prohibited in the hospital.

9. The hero purposefully strives towards his intended goal.
purposefully strives, tautology - cognate words
intended goal, assigned task
purposefully, purposefully
strives, reaches out, gravitates, attracts...
The hero purposefully strives towards his intended goal.

10. The heroine’s appearance is quite attractive.
External and external are pleonasms, words that are close in meaning.
Repeated transmission of the same thought - externally,
appearance.
The heroine's appearance is quite attractive.
(Anna Karenina's appearance is quite attractive... but
there is something terrifying about her charm). Lovely, lovely
both arms and legs!
Attractive enough to seduce the incompetent.
*And then, the author denies the heroine the need to develop
inner world, trying to get ahead of "her accomplished
appearance." Is it possible to refuse a lady?

11. Our country, which until recently was advanced
the vanguard of the worldwide peace movement, cannot
resolve the bloodshed in the North Caucasus.
vanguard, vanguard
“Speech errors act to the detriment of activity.”
Our country, recently being the vanguard of the movement for
peace, could not stop the bloodshed in the North
Caucasus.

12. The conversation we had with you came to its
the final end.
The climax has come to the end of the plot. Oil painting.
The conversation was coming to a climax... he curled up and announced
end(Kaa).
The conversation we had with you is coming to an end.
The conversation we had with you came to
the final stage. "Final stage". "Oil painting."
Our conversation has come to a final end.

Announcement
evening serenade

traumatic injury
trauma and damage

timing of time

patriot of his homeland
patriot of his country

exhibits of the exhibition,

folklore

second hand book,

open vacancy
job vacancy

price list
list price

autobiography of life
autobiography of life

monumental monument,

tiny little things
little nothings of life

professional colleague
love colleague

dimensions
dimensions and dimensions

leading leader
follower leader

interior interior
interior interior

driving theme
leitmotif of the work

unusual phenomenon
phenomenon
unusual person

reality,

period of time,

huge colossus!

retaliatory counterattack
counterattack and retaliation

progress forward
push forward and progress

Memorial of Remembrance...

strange paradox
paradox and strange phenomenon...(inexplicable accessible
means)

Time pressure?

demobilization from the army
demobilized, returned from the army

Exercise 31
Point out stylistic flaws and speech errors in the text;
edit a newspaper note.

According to the chef's tradition, I spent the whole day with
slabs This is also where I will celebrate the New Year.
I spent the entire day at the stove, practicing
theories of culinary traditions. Happy New Year!...

I don’t sigh about it at all.

: This is our profession - to make people happy on holidays
a good table (and stool) for the dishes offered
The dishes could satisfy the most demanding tastes of gourmets.

Such a profession!:) ours! - to make a person happy on a holiday
good table and stool. And so that the proposed
dishes...and dishes could satisfy the taste...of the most
discerning gourmets!...

Under the arches of the restaurant...on New Year's Eve it will be served
a huge table at which guests of the capital who arrived in
Moscow from all over the world. After all, Moscow is always hospitable
welcomes dear guests.
On New Year's Eve, under the arches of the restaurant they will serve
a huge table to which guests of the capital are invited,
arrived in Moscow from all over the world. Always Moscow
hospitably greeted her guests...

It seems that this is not the first time that “Russia” cutlets have been prepared, but
I always want this dish of minced chicken meat with
adding minced mushrooms from champignons and gently
fried crispy onions were for visitors
an unexpected surprise.

Cutlets "Russia", signature appetizer
"Matryoshka"!...Foreigners who have come to visit us at least once,
I always order this dish. Sometimes they're cool
They make a gesture as if they are tying a scarf on their head.
I’ll tell you the secret of making “Matryoshka”: required
boiled and shelled eggs and fresh tomatoes.
The Matryoshka appetizer occupies a special place among gourmets
original dishes.
It seems that this is not the first time that “Russia” cutlets have been prepared, but
I always want this particular dish to become for someone
an unexpected surprise.

:):):):):):):):):):)

*wrong choice of word, violation of lexical
compatibility; speech impairment...

Types of speech redundancy:
idle talk (obsessive explanation of well-known truths): o
benefits, benefits of milk...
re-transmission of the same idea: machine park
updated (with new cars)
lyapalissiad (statement of a self-evident truth): the corpse was
dead and didn't hide it
Editor: extra is absurd.
pleonasm (close in meaning)
tautology (words with the same root)
hidden tautology (combination of foreign and Russian words,
duplicating its meaning)

Several cognates in close context
stylistically justified if related
words are the only carriers of the corresponding
meanings and they cannot be replaced with synonyms.
(coach - train, habit - get out of the habit)

black ink, red paint, white linen
etymological root

period of time
example of loss of tautology
monumental monument, reality,
exhibition exhibits, second-hand book

Tautology as a stylistic device: to serve,
all sorts of things, bitter grief;
Looks like it's packed.
New new, white - white.
Lawlessness is legalized, unsolved mysteries.
The green shield asks for protection.
Extremes of the Far North.
To the winning student from the defeated teacher.
When did we learn to be strangers? When we forgot how
speak?
human in a person, dehumanize a person
(triumph, attempt)......nimble sparrow

Gradation (graduality) - stringing together words with the same root,

stylistic figure based on sequential

increase or decrease in emotional expressiveness

significance.
... lost, ruined happiness,

Possibility of punning collision of words with the same root
allows you to use tautology as a means of creating
comic, satirical coloring.
The ladybug, nicknamed the ladybug, shamelessly destroys
potato plantings.

Lexical repetitions help highlight important things in the text,
repetition of words as a means of logical identification of concepts.
Live and learn. Be a man, man!

You hear: the drum is rumbling. Soldier, say goodbye to her,
say goodbye to her, the platoon leaves into the fog, fog, fog, and
the past is clearer, clearer, clearer... (Ok.)
One of the researchers noted that repetition is not at all
means invitations to say goodbye twice; it can
mean: “soldier, hurry up to say goodbye, the platoon is already leaving”,
or "soldier, say goodbye to her, say goodbye forever, you are her
you will never see again,” or “soldier, say goodbye to her,
your only one."
...
Repeating words is usually emotional
colored speech, lexical repetitions are often found in
poetry.
By stringing the same words you can reflect the character
visual impressions.
Life is a long novel, soldier, you can't do it right away
noticed.
Lexical repetitions can also be used as a means
humor.

It is very important to be able to behave in society. If, inviting
lady to dance, you stepped on her foot and she pretended that
didn't notice this, then you have to pretend that you didn't
noticed how she noticed, but pretended not to notice.

In a parody text, there is a jumble of identical words and
expressions reflect the comedy of the situation described.
Lexical repetitions sometimes, like gestures, enhance
expressiveness of speech.

logical error: alogism - comparison of incomparable
concepts: syntax and other articles.
The syntax of encyclopedia articles differs from the syntax
other scientific articles.
The syntax of encyclopedic articles has a number of features,
unusual for the syntax of other scientific articles.

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If we consider environmental problems, one of the most pressing is air pollution. Environmentalists are sounding the alarm and calling on humanity to reconsider its attitude to life and consumption of natural resources, because only protection from air pollution will improve the situation and prevent serious consequences. Find out how to solve such a pressing issue, influence the environmental situation and preserve the atmosphere.

Natural sources of clogging

What is air pollution? This concept includes the introduction and entry into the atmosphere and all its layers of uncharacteristic elements of a physical, biological or chemical nature, as well as changes in their concentrations.

What pollutes our air? Air pollution is caused by many reasons, and all sources can be divided into natural or natural, as well as artificial, that is, anthropogenic.

It’s worth starting with the first group, which includes pollutants generated by nature itself:

The first source is volcanoes. When they erupt, they emit huge quantities of tiny particles of various rocks, ash, poisonous gases, sulfur oxides and other equally harmful substances. And although eruptions occur quite rarely, according to statistics, as a result of volcanic activity, the level of air pollution increases significantly, because up to 40 million tons of hazardous compounds are released into the atmosphere every year.
If we consider natural causes of air pollution, then it is worth noting such as peat or forest fires. Most often, fires occur due to unintentional arson by a person who is negligent about the rules of safety and behavior in the forest. Even a small spark from a fire that is not completely extinguished can cause the fire to spread. Less often, fires are caused by very high solar activity, which is why the peak of danger occurs in the hot summer.
Considering the main types of natural pollutants, one cannot fail to mention dust storms, which arise due to strong gusts of wind and mixing of air currents. During a hurricane or other natural event, tons of dust rises, causing air pollution.

Artificial sources

Air pollution in Russia and other developed countries is often caused by the influence of anthropogenic factors caused by the activities carried out by people.

Let us list the main artificial sources causing air pollution:

Rapid development of industry. It’s worth starting with chemical air pollution caused by the activities of chemical plants. Toxic substances released into the air poison it. Metallurgical plants also cause atmospheric air pollution with harmful substances: metal processing is a complex process that involves huge emissions as a result of heating and combustion. In addition, small solid particles formed during the manufacture of building or finishing materials also pollute the air.
The problem of air pollution from motor vehicles is especially pressing. Although other types also provoke emissions into the atmosphere, it is cars that have the most significant negative impact on it, since there are many more of them than any other vehicles. The exhaust emitted by motor vehicles and generated during engine operation contains a lot of substances, including hazardous ones. It's sad that emissions are increasing every year. An increasing number of people are acquiring an “iron horse”, which, of course, has a detrimental effect on the environment.
Operation of thermal and nuclear power plants, boiler plants. The life of humanity at this stage is impossible without the use of such installations. They supply us with vital resources: heat, electricity, hot water. But when any type of fuel is burned, the atmosphere changes.
Household waste. Every year the purchasing power of people increases, and as a result, the volumes of waste generated also increase. Their disposal is not given due attention, but some types of waste are extremely dangerous, have a long decomposition period and emit fumes that have an extremely adverse effect on the atmosphere. Every person pollutes the air every day, but waste from industrial enterprises, which is taken to landfills and is not disposed of in any way, is much more dangerous.

What substances most often pollute the air?

There are an incredibly large number of air pollutants, and environmentalists are constantly discovering new ones, which is associated with the rapid pace of industrial development and the introduction of new production and processing technologies. But the most common compounds found in the atmosphere are:

Carbon monoxide, also called carbon monoxide. It is colorless and odorless and is formed during incomplete combustion of fuel at low volumes of oxygen and low temperatures. This compound is dangerous and causes death due to lack of oxygen.
Carbon dioxide is found in the atmosphere and has a slightly sour odor.
Sulfur dioxide is released during the combustion of some sulfur-containing fuels. This compound provokes acid rain and depresses human breathing.
Nitrogen dioxides and oxides characterize air pollution from industrial enterprises, since they are most often formed during their activities, especially during the production of certain fertilizers, dyes and acids. These substances can also be released as a result of fuel combustion or during operation of the machine, especially when it is malfunctioning.
Hydrocarbons are one of the most common substances and can be contained in solvents, detergents, and petroleum products.
Lead is also harmful and is used to make batteries, cartridges and ammunition.
Ozone is extremely toxic and is formed during photochemical processes or during the operation of transport and factories.

Now you know which substances pollute the air most often. But this is only a small part of them; the atmosphere contains a lot of different compounds, and some of them are even unknown to scientists.

Sad consequences

The scale of the impact of air pollution on human health and the entire ecosystem as a whole is simply enormous, and many people underestimate it. Let's start with the environment.

Firstly, due to polluted air, a greenhouse effect has developed, which is gradually but globally changing the climate, leading to warming and melting of glaciers, and provoking natural disasters. It can be said that it leads to irreversible consequences in the state of the environment.
Secondly, acid rain is becoming more and more frequent, which has a negative impact on all life on Earth. Through their fault, entire populations of fish die, unable to live in such an acidic environment. A negative impact is observed when examining historical monuments and architectural monuments.
Thirdly, fauna and flora suffer, since dangerous fumes are inhaled by animals, they also enter plants and gradually destroy them.

A polluted atmosphere has an extremely negative impact on human health. The emissions enter the lungs and cause disruptions in the respiratory system and severe allergic reactions. Together with the blood, dangerous compounds are carried throughout the body and greatly wear it out. And some elements can provoke mutation and degeneration of cells.

How to solve the problem and save the environment

The problem of air pollution is very relevant, especially considering that the environment has deteriorated greatly over the past few decades. And it needs to be solved comprehensively and in several ways.

Let's consider several effective measures to prevent air pollution:

To combat air pollution, it is mandatory to install treatment and filtering facilities and systems at individual enterprises. And at particularly large industrial plants it is necessary to begin introducing stationary monitoring posts for monitoring air pollution.
To avoid air pollution from cars, you should switch to alternative and less harmful energy sources, such as solar panels or electricity.
Replacing combustible fuels with more accessible and less dangerous ones, such as water, wind, sunlight and others that do not require combustion, will help protect atmospheric air from pollution.
The protection of atmospheric air from pollution must be supported at the state level, and there are already laws aimed at protecting it. But it is also necessary to act and exercise control in individual constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
One of the effective ways that air protection from pollution should include is to establish a system for disposing of all waste or recycling it.
To solve the problem of air pollution, plants should be used. Widespread landscaping will improve the atmosphere and increase the amount of oxygen in it.

How to protect atmospheric air from pollution? If all of humanity fights it, then there is a chance of improving the environment. Knowing the essence of the problem of air pollution, its relevance and the main solutions, we need to jointly and comprehensively combat pollution.

Air pollution, sources, consequences, solutions The ecological crisis is very actively studied by modern scientists. Various regulations are being adopted at the domestic and intergovernmental levels aimed at improving the situation in the world. Let's consider further what impact it has on the planet. air pollution. Sources, consequences, ways to solve problems will also be described in the article.

Relevance of the issue

Human economic activities over the last century have caused serious air pollution. There are different solutions today. In the air, water, and soil in many areas there are toxic substances, the content of which significantly exceeds the MPC (permissible limit). This, in turn, negatively affects the health of the population and the state of ecosystems.

Ecological crisis

This concept has become used very often in the last few decades. An environmental crisis can be local or global. The first is expressed in an increase in the level of electromagnetic, thermal, noise, and chemical pollution due to the functioning of one or several sources located close to each other. A local crisis can be overcome relatively easily by taking economic or administrative measures. For example, a decision is made on the need to improve the technological process, repurpose an enterprise or close it. The global crisis poses a great danger. This phenomenon is a consequence of the combined activities of all humanity. The global crisis is manifested by changes in the characteristics of the natural environment throughout the planet. Accordingly, it is dangerous for the entire population. Dealing with a global crisis is much more difficult than dealing with a local one. The problem can be considered solved when pollution is minimized to a level that the natural environment can cope with on its own. For this purpose, international summits are held. The last one, in particular, took place in 2016 in Paris.

Negative factors

Considering air pollution, causes and ways solutions to the environmental crisis, scientists analyze various objects and types of human activities. The analysis allows us to identify the most dangerous of them and develop methods that reduce or eliminate their negative impact on nature. All sources of pollution are divided into two large categories. The first includes natural objects and phenomena:

Volcanic eruptions.
Peat and forest fires that occur without human participation.
Methane release during the decomposition of organic residues.
Sand and dust storms.
Natural radiation.
Weathering processes.
Distribution of plant pollen.

The following have a more detrimental effect on the environment:

Nuclear weapons testing.
Operation of thermal power plants.
Emissions of toxic gases from enterprises.
Operation of boiler rooms.
Decomposition of garbage and waste in landfills.
Fires caused by people.
Vehicle exhaust gases.
Flights of jet aircraft.

Results of negative impact

As a result of thoughtless economic activity, a colossal amount of toxic compounds, soot and heat is released into the upper layers of the air envelope. This leads to depletion of the ozone layer and the appearance of holes in it. Radiation actively passes through them. The temperature on the planet is constantly rising. This leads to the melting of glaciers and an increase in the volume of water in the World Ocean. Due to rising temperatures, the habitats of many animals are beginning to disappear.

Negative health effects

Recently, there has been a particularly active industrial and urban air pollution. Solutions an environmental crisis of a local nature must be actively sought within the framework of interdepartmental cooperation. Delay in this matter is unacceptable, since we are talking about the health of people and their environment. According to statistics, on average a person inhales up to 20 thousand liters of air in one day. In this case, along with oxygen, particles of ash and soot, as well as toxic fumes, enter the body. All this settles in the lungs, gradually poisoning the person. Prolonged exposure to smog worsens your health, leading to headaches, nausea, and irritation of the mucous membranes. People develop cardiovascular diseases and pathologies of other internal organs. In the absence of adequate measures, the active effect of toxic substances can lead to death. The depletion of the ozone layer creates conditions for the planet to be irradiated. Ultraviolet radiation begins to have a stronger effect on humans and animals. Negative radiation exposure reduces immunity and provokes the development of serious diseases, including cancer of the mucous membranes and skin, cataracts, etc.

Greenhouse effect

It is a consequence of deforestation and destruction of the ozone layer. Holes present in the upper air layers begin to let in more radiation, the lower layers of the atmosphere warm up, and then the surface of the Earth. The heat emanating from the planet does not rise upward. The reason it doesn't come back is because it accumulates in the lower layers, making them too dense. The greenhouse effect leads to another serious problem - warming. Due to the delay of radiation, the temperature on the Earth's surface begins to rise. This, as mentioned above, provokes the melting of glaciers and other problems. Scientists are already observing flooding in a number of coastal areas. If the greenhouse effect is not stopped, many animals, plants and people may die.

Acid rain

This phenomenon is a consequence of harmful compounds in large quantities. Acid in the air is formed by oxides of hydrogen chloride, sulfur, and nitrogen, which interact with water vapor. Sediments containing it lead to serious negative consequences. In particular, brick and concrete structures, pipes, external finishing of facades, and roofs are subject to destruction. Over the course of several decades, many cultural and historical monuments have been damaged. Such precipitation destroys metal, glass, and rubber. Cars exposed to acid rain usually become unusable. The soil cover is significantly damaged. Soil acidity increases and fertility decreases. Acid rain devastates green areas, causing huge losses to the agricultural sector. The best crops die and the trees begin to rot. Poisoned grass ends up in animal feed, as a result of which they develop serious illnesses, often leading to death. Acid rain causes the death of ecosystems.

Smog

It is usually referred to as severe air pollution in large cities. In calm weather, the upper layers become hotter. Because of this, gases rising from the ground cannot escape into the upper layers and settle, forming a caustic veil. Under the influence of light, unstable but very toxic compounds begin to form in smog.

Photochemical fog

It is presented in the form of a multicomponent mixture of primary and secondary aerosol particles and gases. Photochemical fog contains nitrogen and sulfur oxides and various organic substances of peroxide nature. Together they are called photooxidants. Such fog appears due to chemical reactions under a number of conditions. The determining factors are high concentrations of hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxide, and other substances in the air, intense radiation, calmness or poor air exchange within the surface layer with a powerful inversion during the day.

Air pollution: ways to solve the problem

As can be seen from the above, the environmental crisis requires immediate action. At the same time, it must be said that every person should be included in the implementation of measures to reduce the harmful effects of human activity. Searching is the business of absolutely all people. A special role, of course, belongs to scientists. By analyzing the situation, they find the most rational and effective options for reducing the negative impact of emissions. Currently, the following basic principles have been developed: ways to solve the problem of air pollution:

Paths air pollution solutions in brief speaking, - measures aimed at reducing hazardous emissions. When developing certain activities, it is necessary to take into account the economic component. Pollution control methods should be as effective and minimally costly as possible.

Comprehensive measures

Currently, scientists propose combining. For example, many enterprises operate filtration units of various types. Some install filters, others use special lead-free additives and catalytic converters. As a result, the gases undergo several stages of purification. Considering the main ways to solve air pollution, one cannot help but mention new developments in the automotive industry. As you know, transport is considered one of the main suppliers of toxic substances into the air. Today, new models are being produced equipped with exhaust filtration systems. In a number of countries, public transport runs exclusively on electricity and biofuels.

Organizational events

Recently, the issue regarding the development of large metropolitan areas has been raised at the government level. Measures aimed at separating airports, highways, enterprises, and factories from residential development are being discussed. The forest belt will act as the border between these zones. It will become a natural filter and When generating waste, scientists and officials pay attention to the waste treatment system. The majority speaks out for the need to reform it. Options are being discussed that could reduce the area of landfills. This requires a production facility that processes raw materials secondary.

Additionally

By proposing, scientists recommend abandoning the use of chemicals in agricultural activities. They poison not only the soil itself, but also the air. One of the key tasks of modern humanity is forest conservation. In this regard, laws have been adopted at the government level regulating deforestation and the use of natural landscapes by the population. These are the main ones for today.